To find new, efficient and safe insecticide is the current hot spots of pesticide research and development, in the development of efficient, highly selective pesticides in the process of insect growth regulators found to be a major breakthrough. Research on insect growth regulators has also received increasing attention.

Insect growth regulators are mainly divided into three major categories: chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormone analogues and ecdysone analogues, depending on their mode of action and chemical structure.

the first sort

Chitin synthesis inhibitors

Chitin synthesis inhibitors are referred to as chitin inhibitors. At present, there are about 20 kinds of commercial preparations of chitin synthesis inhibitors in formation or development, which can be divided into the following categories according to their chemical structures:

(1) Benzoyl ureas (BUPs)

These compounds have anti-ecdysone biological activity, can inhibit the activation rate of insect epidermal chitin synthase and uridine nucleoside coenzyme, inhibit the binding of N-acetylglucosamine in chitin, can affect the respiratory metabolism of eggs and DNA and protein metabolism during embryonic development, so that the larvae in the egg lack chitin and can not hatch or hatch and then die; in the larval stage, the new epidermal formation of the pest is hindered, delaying development, or lack of hardness, can not be normal molting. Cause death or malformation and death. They are among the earliest and mature varieties of chitin inhibitors. The main types of commercial applications have been:

Chlorfluazuron (chlorfluazuron): mainly based on stomach toxicity, both contact and no systemic. It has high activity against a variety of lepidopteran pests and pests such as Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, but it is ineffective against aphids, spider mites, planthoppers and other pests. Other insecticides such as acid esters and pyrethroids have produced resistant pests with good control effects. Zhang Tianqi et al (2013) treated the second instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua with sublethal concentration of chlorfluazuron, which significantly inhibited larval pupation, decreased phlegm rate with increasing concentration of chlorfluazuron, and reduced phlegm rate after LC40 treatment. Only 37.44% of the control group; sublethal concentration of chlorfluazuron can lead to increased rate of deformity and adult deformity; effect of sublethal concentration of chlorfluazuron on larval duration, sputum weight, flood season and emergence rate Not significant, and there is no significant difference between the sexes.

2 Diflubenzuron: is a benzoylurea insect chitin synthesis inhibitor developed by Philips-Duphar BV (now belonging to Chemtura). It can hinder the formation of insect epidermis. This inhibition behavior is very specific. It has no effect on the biochemical processes, such as the synthesis of fungal chitin, the formation of hyaluronic acid and other mucopolysaccharides in chicken, mouse and rat. Diflubenzuron is a non-systemic insect growth and insect growth regulator, which acts when insect molting or eggs hatch. Less harmful to natural enemies of harmful insects. Zeng Huihua et al. (2008) studied the toxic effects of chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron on nymphal nymphs of different ages. The results showed that diflubenzuron had certain toxic effects on 2 and 3 instar nymphal nymphs. There is a phenomenon of death due to difficulty in molting, and it affects its eating and weight gain.

3 Flufluxuron: A benzoylurea insecticidal acaricide developed by Philips-Duphar BV (now owned by Chemtura). Mainly for contact killing, it can hinder the formation of chitin in amino acid glucose in insects, interfere with larvae or nymphs, and cause larvae that cannot hatch or hatch eggs to die at the age of one. A non-systemic acaricidal insecticide that prevents the molting process of mites and insects. It is active only on eggs and larvae, and inactive on adults and mites.

4 Flufenoxuron: a benzoylurea insecticidal acaricide developed by Shell (now part of BASF). It has a contact and stomach toxic effect, so that the insect can not be normal molting or metamorphosis and die. It has good killing effect on the larvae of the genus Astragalus and the genus Allium, and it is safe to the natural enemies of the scorpion, and has obvious antifeedant effect.

Hexaflumuron: A benzoylurea insecticide developed by Dow AgroSciences, USA. It has systemic activity and shows strong conductivity to the leaves. When used in soil, it can be absorbed by roots and transmitted to the top. Laboratory studies have shown that it is highly active against larvae and has high ovicidal activity, so that larvae cannot bite the egg shell and die in the egg. In addition, there is a certain antifeedant effect on larvae. The use of a hexaflumuron decoy in a Florida citrus orchard can provide longer lasting control, thereby eliminating or at least reducing termite activity.

6 Fluorobenzuron: A benzoylurea insecticide developed by Celamerck (now BASF). The insect's newborn epidermis is unable to maintain the molting required by the molting and feathering, causing the insect to die. It is active in the hatching, metamorphosis and emergence stages of pests. There is no osmotic effect on the plant, and the residual effect period is long, causing the death rate of the pest to be slow. The drug has stomach toxicity, contact toxicity, no systemic, low-toxic insecticide, low toxicity to fish and birds, non-toxic to bees, and safe for crops. It has special effects on lepidopteran and coleopteran pests that are resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, etc., and is ineffective against sucking pests such as spider mites, planthoppers, and aphids.

7 Triflumuron: is a benzoylurea insecticide developed by Bayer. It has a non-systemic stomach poisoning insecticide with limited contact action. It is only suitable for controlling chewing mouthparts pests. Straw type pests are invalid. Prevents the formation of exoskeletons when the larvae molt. There is no significant difference in sensitivity to larvae of different ages, which can be used at different ages of larvae. It has a slow initial effect, but has a long-lasting effect. It is non-toxic to most animals and humans and can be decomposed by microorganisms. The acute toxicity and the effect on the larval molting of the three developmental stages of M. japonicus, larvae and adults were studied by acute toxicity test and molting test. The results showed that the sensitivity of the different developmental stages of M. sinensis to the chlorpyrifos was scorpion > larvae > adult, and the scorpion was most sensitive to chlorfenapyr. In addition, the medicament can also be used for controlling pine caterpillars and corn elephants.

8 chlorbenzuron: different from general insecticides, it has many sites of action, mainly the following: inhibiting the formation of insect epidermis, leading to adult infertility, interfering with hormone balance in the body, inhibiting egg hatching, affecting a variety of The enzyme system causes the pest to develop abnormally. It has good quick-acting and long-lasting effect on P. sinensis, and can be used to control American white moth.

(2) thiadiazines

The most successful development is buprofezin (also known as buprofezin, also known as ketone, yule, developed by Japan Pesticide Co., Ltd., its structure is different from benzoylurea, but the mechanism of action is similar, also inhibits chitin synthesis and Interfering with metabolism, causing nymphs to be deformed or deformed slowly. It has no direct lethal effect on adults, but it can shorten its life span, reduce the amount of eggs laid, and produce more sterile eggs. The larvae die quickly even if they hatch. It has good control effect on the flycatcher, aphids, whiteflies and scale insects of the same wing, and has an infiltration effect. And for the safety of natural enemies, the comprehensive effect is good.

(3) Triazine (pyrimidine) amines

Commoditized by cyromazine developed by Ciba-Jiaji, a new type of 1,3,5-triazine insect growth regulator with strong systemic conduction, Synthetic inhibitors can induce the morphological distortion of Diptera larvae and pupa, and the adults do not feather or inhibit, which indicates that they interfere with molting and phlegm. It can be used to control diptera pests in vegetables and sanitation by contacting insects, stomach poisoning and systemic infiltration.

Second class

Juvenile Hormone Analog JHA (Juvenile Hormone Analog)

Juvenile hormone analogues are compounds having juvenile hormone activity developed from juvenile hormones in insect bodies as lead compounds. Compared with chitin synthesis inhibitors and ecdysone active substances, such compounds have a shorter physiological period for displaying insect activity on insects.

1 fenoxycarb (fenoxycarb): also known as phenoxycarb, is a carbamate. However, the activity of juvenile hormone analogues can inhibit pest development, larval molting, and adult emergence. It can effectively control hibiscus, mites and various lepidopteran pests on fruit trees, and can also be used to control storage pests and sanitary pests.

2 pyriproxyphene (pyriproxyfen): also known as mosquito fly ether, is a phenyl ether compound. It can effectively inhibit the development of metaplasia and adult formation, inhibit the activity of insect pharyngeal body and interfere with the biosynthesis of ecdysone. In our country, there is a 0.5% granule of sylvestre (sumilarv) produced by Sumitomo Corporation of Japan, which is used to control mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and other health pests.

3 ketone (NC-170): is a pyridazinone compound, this drug inhibits the occurrence of embryos, inhibits the development and metamorphosis of insects, especially for spider mites and planthoppers, and is used to control major black pests in rice. Eucalyptus urophylla and brown planthopper.

Among these preparations, there are also dioxodicarb (RO3l7744), NC-184, etc., which are significantly more active than the first class of compounds.

Third category

Epiloper Hormone Analog MHA (Moeting Hormone Analog)

More than 15 kinds of ecdysone substances which are isolated and identified by insects are known to be difficult to extract due to difficulty in extraction, and their structures are complicated and difficult to synthesize. Therefore, research on ecdysone as an insecticide has progressed slowly. Two kinds of commercial preparations have been developed, all of which are dihydrazide compounds.

1 抑 肼 肼 (HR-5849): developed by the American Rohm and Haas company, the domestic product name is worm dead net. It has the function of contact and stomach poisoning, and can also kill insects through the root system.

2 tebufenozide: Rohm and Haas company's trade name is mimic, and Taiwan's Xingnong Company's trade name is Tiandi. 20% suspension of 1000 times liquid can be used to control the strong resistance of beet armyworm on southern cabbage in China, and can also be used to control apple leaf roller moth and pine caterpillar. S. Sridhara et al. found that tebufenozide can destroy the development of ovary development and function of silkworm organisms. After treatment with the sublethal dose of LC10, tebufenozide, the resistance to F19 generation increased by 3.52 times, and the risk of resistance was lower.

In recent years, research on insect growth regulators has made great progress, new varieties are being developed, and some varieties have been widely used. Although the insect growth regulator has a narrow insecticidal spectrum and poor insecticidal fast-acting properties, its selectivity is good, it is safe for humans and animals, and it is beneficial to maintain the ecological balance of nature. Insect growth regulators will have broad development and application. prospect. In addition, the study of insect growth regulators can also promote the development of insect physiology and biochemistry, insect ecology and insect toxicology, expand its research fields, and make pesticides play a greater role in the integrated management of pests.

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(Source: Plant Protection Station, Longcheng District, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province)

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